Reflections on Tulsa 2011 Edition

Tulsa came. Tulsa was. Tulsa is now history. My Tulsa journey began, I suppose, shortly after the Pepperdine Lectures of 2010 when I received an invitation from Terry Rush to speak on the subject of the Holy Spirit Unchained. My three classes were filled to the brim with folks lining the walls, sitting on the floor and spilling into the hall. I was overwhelmed.

I headed out on Tuesday from Tucson, drove through the night and arrived in Tulsa about 6 am on Wednesday. The folks at the Hyatt were unbelievably courteous and let me check in to my room (that wasnt even in my name!). My roommate was a gentleman from South Carolina, whom I'd never met, named Bryan Todd. That night we took in worship led by Kip Long and Randy Harris while enjoying the company of fellow John Dobbs from Monroe, LA.

I took in classes with Randy Harris, Al Maxey (whom I'd never met or heard before), Don mcLaughlin, Rick Atchley and Trey Morgan. I listened to Acappella, Psallo from York and Revival. All the sessions I attended were well done, thought provoking and encouraging. I appreciated Harris's critique of the notion of "cool" and Christianity. Refreshing and unexpected. Unfortunately my class was scheduled at the same time as Tim Archer and Amanda Sanders.

Probably the most enjoyable part of any workshop/lecture to me is meeting new people and hanging with old friends. I got to hang with my old friend Wade Tannehill and his family. We ate at Panda Express with Ron Davis. Rick Atchley bought me a free coke at Taco Cabana after his morning session. Had coffee with Stan Helton. I had the pleasure of picking Edward Fudge's brain on a multiplicity of subjects late one evening in the hotel lobby. I had late night fellowship with Barry Bullinger and his father from Alabama. Ran into Tim & Kathy Thompson, Guy & Debbie Marshall, and Paul & Kathy Straw friends from Wisconsin. I got to have coffee with Gerry Parker, visit with Jim McGuiggan, and Larry Bertram. I met Johnny Hinton too.

This year I only purchased one book. I saddened that ACU/Leafwood Press did not have a booth. But the one book I bought is Courageous Compassion: A Prophetic Homiletic in Service to the Church by Jerry Taylor and edited by David Fleer. Taylor is one of the most powerful preachers I have ever heard and I simply could not pass this up. I will publish a review shortly on my blog of it.

As with most good things Tulsa came to an end. I got the car at 4:23 pm on Saturday and drove through the night back to Tucson. I got to listen to a number of classes I was not able to attend via CD. Rick Atchley/Terry Rush on what they have learned down through the years; Tim Archer on the huge task we have; and Ed Fudge's three part series.

It was great!! My hat is off to Terry Rush and the Memorial Church in Tulsa for a superb job. I hope to be back for the 2012 Workshop themed "Good News for a Broken World" ... March 21-24. Mark it down.

Read More

Ancestry of the King James Version #7: The Latin Versions

Quotable Quotes
"NO translation can preserve the qualities of its original unchanged." (C. S. Lewis, The Literary Impact of the Authorized Version, p. 3)

"It would be difficult to overestimate the importance of the influence exerted by the Latin versions of the Bible, and particularly by Jerome's Latin Vulgate" (Bruce M. Metzger, 1993).

Previous entries in my Ancestry of the King James Version are linked here: Ancestry #1; Ancestry #2; Ancestry #3; Ancestry #4; Ancestry #5; Ancestry #6. Enjoy the adventurous journey that the word of God has taken to get to us in English.

Beginnings of the Latin Bible

It would be folly to dissent with the opinion of Metzger just quoted. Should we look from a purely secular angle the influence of Latin on the Romance languages is indisputable. When we move into the religious culture (which all European culture was religious for 1500 years) its impact is nearly beyond estimation. The doctrinal, worship and devotional language of Roman Catholics and Protestants has deep roots in the Vulgate. Even we moderns use Jerome's language without even realizing it.  Words we take for granted and attach theological mountains come to us because of Jerome and his Vulgate - salvation, regeneration, justification, sanctification, propitiation, reconciliation, inspiration, scripture, sacrament, and the list goes on.

But the origins of the Latin Bible are as shrouded in the mist of history even more so than the Septuagint. We do not even know where or when the first Latin translations were made. The language of the Roman church was Greek until the middle of the third century so it is nearly certain they did not originate in Rome. Rather from the evidence at hand, scholars believe that first Latin translations were made in Africa. In Carthage, Tertullian and Cyprian quote large sections of Scripture from Latin (but not the Vulgate bc it had not been made yet). It is not unreasonable to suppose that Tertullian is taping into existing translations in his African context which exhibits numerous and significant variation in Scripture quotations. The "Old Latin" (as it is called) has no uniform text. It is surmised that these translations had there beginnings in communities where Greek Scripture was read first, then orally translated into the Latin vernacular on the model of the Jewish targums. It is clear from the many Old Latin manuscripts remaining that it was a "translation of a translation." That is the Old Latin was rendered from Greek (in the Old Testament) into Latin.

These Old Latin texts are similar to what is often referred to as the "Western" family of Greek manuscripts. It is through the Old Latin that the books of the Apocrypha were first introduced into Latin speaking Christianity. From the beginning then there never was a Latin Bible that did not include what is called today "the Apocrypha." The Gospels are arranged differently in the Old Latin than what most of us are familiar with. The order is Matthew, John, Luke and Mark (in MSS. a, b, d, e, etc). Within the Old Latin one finds interesting readings as well. One of my favorites is at Matthew 3.16 at the baptism of Jesus. When Jesus is immersed "a tremendous light flashed forth from the water, so that all who were present feared." The Old Latin frequently provides names for the nameless individuals that dot the landscape in the Gospels [1]. The Old Latin expands the narrative of the resurrection of Jesus in the Gospel of Mark at 16.4 adding,

"But suddenly at the third hour of the day there was darkness over the whole circle of the earth, and angels descended from the heavens, and as he [i.e. Jesus] was rising in the glory of the living God, at the same time they ascended with him; and immediately it was light." [2]

By the end of the 4th century (i.e. 300s) there was confusing diversity among the manuscripts. Augustine, who himself displays the same diversity from the Old Latin, lamented that every person with a little knowledge believed himself qualified to translate: "those who translated the Scriptures from Hebrew into Greek can be counted, but the Latin translators are out of all number. For in the early days of the faith, everyone who chanced upon a Greek codex and thought he had a little aptitude in both languages attempted to make a translation." The results were not simply a diversity of readings and translations but a plethora of bad translations.

Enter Jerome

Jerome, whose dates are from about 340ish to 420 A.D., was without a doubt one of the two greatest scholars of the ancient church - the other being Origen. Jerome was a traveler, intimately acquainted with Christians in both the Western and Eastern church, he could be controversial, he ended up a monk in the land of his Lord where he carried on probably his most enduring work - the translation of the Bible [3].

Jerome did not enter into the Bible translation business on his own. In 383 Pope Damasus, who was concerned over the status of the Old Latin version, urged Jerome to produce a uniform and reliable form of the Latin Scriptures. It was not intended that he make a totally fresh translation but correct the existing one(s). Jerome's reply to Damasus is worth quoting at length because it reveals his hesitation and that people react to translation in much the same way across time.

"You [Damasus] urge me to revise the Old Latin versionk, and, as it were, to sit in judgment on copies of the Scriptures that are now scattered throughout the world; and, inasmuch as they differ from one another, you would have me decide which of them agrees with the original. The labor is one of love, but at the same time it is both perilous and presumptuous - for in judging others I must be content to be judged by all. Is there anyone learned or unlearned, who, when he takes the volume in his hands and perceives that what he reads does not suit his settled tastes, will not break out immediately into violent language and call me a forger and profane person for having the audacity to add anything to the ancient books, or to make any changes or corrections in them."

Translation is dangerous business!! Yet Jerome, thankfully for history, embraced the opprobrium! This task would consume a good portion of the rest of his life. Taking about a year to work through the Gospels. On the Gospels his method was to look at a "good Old Latin" text, compare that text with Greek manuscripts that he had available to correct the worst of the mistakes. Jerome it appears was a more thorough critic in the Gospels than the rest of the NT though. Next Jerome turned to a book of immense importance in Christian worship in those days - the Psalms. In fact Jerome would eventually produce three different versions of the Psalter: one is the Roman (384 AD) and Gallican (387-90 AD). There names indicate where they were introduced (Rome and Gaul). The Roman Psalter is still used in the liturgy at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

Jerome was not satisfied however by looking at the Greek Septuagint to evaluate the Latin text of the Old Testament. He resolved to master Hebrew, which he did by sitting at the feet of Palestinian Jewish rabbis. His work covered a period of approximately 14 years from 390 to 404 AD. Jerome's mastery of the Hebrew Bible is demonstrated when he can respond to correspondence about a certain word and - from memory - say how often the word occurs, where it occurs and how it changes meanings - this LONG BEFORE there was a concordance or computers!

It was Jerome's introduction to the Hebraica veritas that revealed to him that Jews of his day did not accept certain books that the church did from the Old Testament. Jerome introduced the distinction between "canonical" and "apocryphal" that the Reformers would later embrace. It is important to note that by "apocryphal" that Jerome did not embrace the negative notions that modern Evangelicals do regarding that term. Jerome to the day he died would comment upon and cite (even as "scripture") works he classified as "apocryphal." The quickness of Jerome's scholarly mind can be seen in that he translated both Judith and Tobit from Aramaic into Latin in less than two days.

Jerome did not live to see the magnitude of his achievement. His translation of the Hebrew Psalter was never embraced by the churches who were used to the traditional cadences in the Old Latin. He incurred the wrath of Augustine and set off a riot in Oea (modern Tripoli) because of his fresh translation of Jonah. Augustine plead with Jerome to be less zealous because when the saints heard the text read and learned that Jonah sat under an ivy (hedera) rather than a gourd (cucurbita) they nearly lynched the canter!!

However time has revealed the excellence and value of Jerome's scholarship. His Vulgate, except for the Psalms, eventually replaced the Old Latin. It became, without any official decree, THE Authorized Version of western Christianity for over a thousand years. The King James Version is only 400 years old! The Vulgate became the basis for the first vernacular scriptures in European tongues. Thus Wycliffe's English Bible (1380s), German Bible (1466), Italian (1471), Czech (1488) and French (1530) were all translations from the Vulgate.

Conclusion

The King's Men paid tribute to the work of Jerome, and appealed to his legacy, to justify their own work in "The Translators to the Reader."

"This moued S. Hierome [Jerome] a most learned father, and the best linguist without controuersie, of his age, or any that went before him, to vndertake the translating of the Old Testament, out of the very fountaines themselues; which hee performed with that euidence of great learning, judgment, industrie and faithfulness, that he hath for euer bound the Church vnto him, in a debt of speciall remembrance and thankefulnesse."

The picture above is a leaf from Codex Amiatinus possibly the earliest surviving manuscript with the entire Latin Vulgate Bible except for Baruch. It dates to the 8th century from the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria (in modern England).
___________

Notes:

[1] See on this interesting phenomena "Names for the Nameless in the New Testament" in Bruce M. Metzger's New Testament Studies: Philological, Versional, and Patristic (Brill, 1980): 33-38.

[2] A great source on the Old Latin and other ancient versions of the New Testament see the definitive work by Bruce M. Metzger, The Early Versions of the New Testament: Their Origin, Transmission and Limitations (Oxford University Press, 1977).

[3] The best and most up to date work on Jerome is J. N. D. Kelly's Jerome: His Life, Writings and Controversies (Hendrickson, 1998)

Read More

Tulsa Workshop is Coming ... March 23-26

Tulsa! What is Tulsa to you?? I have enjoyed several Tulsa Workshops in the past. This will be the third one I have spoken on. Years ago while Rachael and Talya were small we hooked up with Wade and Gretchen. Sometime later I traveled from Milwaukee to Tulsa with Wayne Alexander and Bruce Williams and had the infamous police episode. I have tag teamed with my cohort in mischief John Mark Hicks on the docket. Last time I was there I encouraged by Rick Atchley and it snowed big time leaving me stranded in the airport for hours on end.

And now Tulsa is here again! Tulsa is, for me, about great singing. Tulsa is about great biblical preaching. Tulsa is about good deep biblical teaching (Ed Fudge's class last time was amazing). Tulsa is about books! and meeting fellow bloggers (like last time). Tulsa is about fellowship, joy and peace in the Holy Spirit.

The year the theme is "Let the Chains Fall Away!" Keynote addresses by Randy Harris and others. Classes by the dozen. My own three part class is entitled:

1) Holy Spirit: UNCHAINED According to the Word
2) Holy Spirit: CHAINED According to our Heritage
3) Holy Spirit: CHAINS Fall Away Today

These classes are at 3 pm Thursday-Saturday. I hope to see you there. Here is a link to the Tulsa Workshop homepage. See you there.

Read More

Paul, the Roman Imperial Cult, the Return of King Jesus and "Flying Away" in 1 Thessalonians 4.17

Text

But we do not want you to be uninformed, brothers and sisters, about those who have died, so that you may not grieve {present subjunctive used by Paul} as others do who have no hope. For since we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so {houtos}, through Jesus, God will bring with him those who have died. For this we declare to you by the word of the Lord {kyrios}, that we who are alive, who are left until the coming {parousia} of the Lord {kyrios}, will by no means precede those who have died. For the Lord himself, with a cry of command, with the archangel’s call and the sound of God’s trumpet, will descend from heaven, and the dead in Christ will rise first. Then we who are alive, who are left, will be caught up in the clouds together with them to meet the Lord in the air {eis apantasin tou kuriou eis aera}; and so we will be with the Lord {kyrios} forever. Therefore encourage one another with these words. (1 Thess 4.13-18)

These people who have been turning the world upside down have come here also … They are all acting contrary to the decrees of the emperor, saying that there is another king named Jesus (Acts 17.6b-7)

Rule of Exegesis via Alexander Campbell

“Rule I. On opening any book in the sacred scriptures, consider first the historical circumstances of the book. These are the order, the title, the author, the date, the place, and the occasion of it.

II. In examining the contents of any book, as respects precepts, promises, exhortations, &c. observe who it is that speaks, and under what dispensation he officiates. Is he a Patriarch, a Jew, or a Christian? Consider also the persons addressed--their prejudices, characters, and religious relations. Are they Jews or Christians--believers or unbelievers--approved or disapproved? This rule is essential to the proper application of every command, promise, threatening, admonition, or exhortation, in Old Testament or New.

III. To understand the meaning of what is commanded, promised, taught, &c., the same philological principles, deduced from the nature of language, or the same laws of interpretation which are applied to the language of other books, are to be applied to the language of the Bible.

IV. Common usage, which can only be ascertained by testimony, must always decide the meaning of any word which has but one signification; but when words have according to testimony,--(i. e. the Dictionary)--more meanings than one, whether literal or figurative, the scope, the context, or parallel passages must decide the meaning; for if common usage, the design of the writer, the context, and parallel passages fail, there can be no certainty in the interpretation of language.

V. In all tropical language ascertain the point of resemblance, and judge of the nature of the trope, and its kind, from the point of resemblance.

VI. In the interpretation of symbols, types, allegories, and parables, this rule is supreme. Ascertain the point to be illustrated; for comparison is never to be extended beyond that point--to all the attributes, qualities, or circumstances of the symbol, type, allegory, or parable.

VII. For the salutary and sanctifying intelligence of the oracles of God, the following rule is indispensable:--We must come within the understanding distance.”

Coming within Understanding Distance of First Century 1 Thessalonians

One of the most basic matters for coming within a first century understanding distance of Thessalonians (applies to Philippians too) is understanding the significance of the Roman imperial cult. According to Simon Price says, a leading scholar on the Roman imperial cult, the cult sort of “mapped the universe” for the people of eastern empire. The practice of the cult has been clearly demonstrated on both literary and archeological grounds at both Philippi and Thessalonica. In Philippi there was in the forum a prominent temple to the imperial family, and of particular relevance to Paul’s day a large monument associated with the Cult of Livia who was deified by Claudius. The city of Thessalonica issued coinage featuring Caesar as Theos. Thessalonica was both a Roman colony (as was Philippi) and the provincial capital thus with a lot at stake in the imperial cult. The commitment of both Philippi and Thessalonica to Roman ideology is thus unquestioned.

The historic battle of Philippi in 42 BC was a key turning point in the life of both cities. Thessalonica had been isolated and endangered by backing Octavian against Brutus and Cassius. The Thessalonians looked to Rome for a savior to rescue them … language that has remarkable parallel in 1 Thessalonians 1.10

“wait for his Son FROM HEAVEN whom he raised from the dead – Jesus, who RESCUES us from the wrath that is coming”

This language is hardly accidental. The city of Thessalonica’s coins, as mentioned above, celebrated its gratitude for the salvation it received from Rome.

Philippi, on the other, hand was the base for Cassius and Brutus resulting in disaster for that city. The city was conquered, the Greek ruling council disbanded and veteran Roman soldiers were settled there to establish a Roman colony. The Roman colony looked to the battle as the “new birth” of the city as a Roman city. Philippi was a Roman town in a Greek ocean. There was even a Latin library and actors guild maintaining the Latin culture.

What was involved in practicing the imperial cult? This called for two commitments by the Roman. First was the maintenance of a shrine and second the celebration of imperial festivals. A city such as Thessalonica would have a major shrine maintained by wealthy benefactors which provided communication of the importance of the imperial gods to the existence of the town and even the world. Average citizens would come to pray to the emperor and offer sacrifice. In addition to a central prominent shrine, folks would maintain small “window shrines” as has been archeologically demonstrated in Pompey and other places. The failure to maintain such a shrine would be interpreted as rebellion.

Festivals occurred several times a year. These were popular events but not obligatory to attend. However the festivals often were occasions for further testifying to one’s loyalty to the deified emperor and the gods of Rome. On these occasions, a disciple of King Jesus may find him/herself in a dilemma. Here is an example of a loyalty oath taken a mere 13 years before 1 Thessalonians was written by the people of Aritium (37 AD) upon the accession of Caligula:

On my conscience, I shall be an enemy of those persons whom I know to be enemies of Gaius Caesar Germanicus, and if anyone imperils or shall imperil him or his safety by arms or by civil war I shall not cease to hunt him down by land and by sea, until he pays the penalty to Caesar m full I shall not hold myself or my children dearer than his safety and I shall consider as my enemies those persons who are hostile to him If consciously I swear falsely or am proved false may Jupiter Optimus Maximus and the deified Augustus and all the other immortal gods punish me and my children with loss of country, safety, and all my fortune.

It is evident from 1 Thessalonians 1 that the believers in this Roman colony had indeed given up the pagan cults. “For the people of those regions report about us what kind of welcome we had among you, and how you turned to God from idols, to serve a living and true God” (1.9).

It is the opinion of many NT scholars that failure to fulfill these loyalty oaths is what lead to the very deaths of those believers mentioned in our text (4.13ff). This cannot be proved, but given the language of such oaths and the evidence from Acts 17, it would seem that the Thessalonians perceived Paul and his converts as fomenting revolt and acted accordingly.

The imperial cult presented two particular problems for Paul and the Thessalonians. One the one hand everyone participated in it. Unlike other pagan cults there was no “denominational” or sectional loyalty in it. Some may have interest in Isis or Osiris or not but all participated in the imperial cult. All of Paul’s gentile converts would have previously taken part in it. All of them! The second problem is the fact that the imperial cult expressed Roman ideology. The ideology – eschatology – declares that Caesar has become “god” and he has brought peace and stability to the entire world. He has inaugurated the Golden Age, a millennium of sorts. Paul taps into the very language of the imperial cult in order to proclaim things "contrary to the decrees of the emperor.”

To briefly illustrate the last point 5.3 is adduced. Paul quotes, directly, a Roman slogan from the imperial gospel. “When THEY say, ‘There is peace and security.” Although some in the past have thought Paul was alluding to either Ezekiel 13.10 or Jeremiah 6.14 neither text says what Paul says. Further it is highly unlikely that Paul refers to the prophets as “they say …” However this slogan was ubiquitous throughout the Roman Empire! It is the central ideological claim of the cult. The exact slogan appears in inscriptions from Roman Asia as well as far away Pompey and beyond. From far away Syria the Roman machine declared

The Lord Marcus Flavius Bonus, the most illustrious Comes and Dux of the first legion, has ruled over us in peace and given constant ‘peace and security’ to travelers and to the people.”

The social and political situation that the Thessalonians found themselves in moved Paul into a collision with the Roman political gospel that was proclaimed at every level of life. Paul takes that political gospel and remaps the universe for the disciples. He taps into three key images for doing this:

1) the use of the term kyrios. Though kyrios had a deep history in the Septuagint the term was also integral to the Roman gospel. The average Roman/Greek had no exposure to the Jewish scriptures but they heard the word kyrios everyday of their lives in reference to the one on the throne in Rome. Paul is unabashed that Jesus is Lord and Caesar is not. The great Christ hymn in Phil 2.6-11 is most assuredly anti-Caesar!!

2) the use of the term paraousia. This term, used throughout the NT for the coming of Jesus, was important for Rome. The Emperor too had a paraousia. This term is used 4x in 1 Thess (2.19; 3.13; 4.15; 5.23) two more times in 2 Thess (2.1, 8) and then only one more time in all of Paul’s other writings (1 Cor 15.23)!

3) the use of the term apantesis. More on this word below.

To sum up so far I offer this quote from Karl Donfried.

In 2.12 God, according to the Apostle, calls the Thessalonian Christians ‘into his own kingdom’; in 5.3 there is a frontal attack on the Pax et Securitas program of the early Principate; and in the verses just preceding this verse one finds three heavily loaded political terms: parousia, apantesis, and kyrios … All this, coupled with the use of the term euaggelion and its possible association with the eastern ruler cult suggests that Paul and his associates could easily be understood as violating ‘the decrees of Caesar’ in the most blatant manner.

A Look at 4.17 in Its Historical Setting

When we come with in first century understanding distance of 1 Thessalonians it is abundantly clear that Paul is addressing real people in circumstances that affect them directly … even in life and death. Paul turns the Roman gospel on its head even using its own terminology to assure the Christians of who is really in charge.

Knowing that Paul has a firm grasp on the culture in which he is ministering and bearing witness to King Jesus is crucial. To describe the return of the King, Paul does not simply use any ordinary word to talk about it, instead he uses the very word that Caesar would claim for himself and that all the towns and cities of the Roman world gladly gave him: apantasin. The word is a technical word for the formal reception of a king or upper dignitary. This is the only time Paul uses the term though we will learn that it is used two other times in the NT.

John Chrysostom describes the meaning of the word and the ceremony.

For as when a king ceremoniously entered a city, certain dignitaries and city rulers, and many others who were confident toward the sovereign, would go out of the city to meet him; but the guilty and the condemned criminals would be guarded within, awaiting the sentence which the king would deliver. In the same way, when the Lord comes, those who are confident toward him will meet him in the midst of the air, but the condemned, who are conscious of having committed many sins, will wait for their judge.

Chrysostom goes on to say that the confident ones meet the coming king “and upon the coming of an affectionate father, his children indeed, and those who are worthy to be his children, are taken up into the chariot” as they return to the city.

The term apantasin was a well known technical term for the going out and greeting the king and joining his entourage as he entered the city. Here are some examples from the Greco-Roman culture.

From Syria: we reached Seleucia. The priests and the government officials and the other citizens and the leaders and the soldiers, wearing wreaths, came as a group to the harbor with very evident good will toward us, and we were escorted all the way into the city.”

For the King of Pergamum: “And the publicly appointed priests, the priestesses, and the chief magistrates, and the rulers, and the victorious athletes wearing wreaths won in the games, and the gym with his young men … and the teacher, and the citizens, and the virgins and the city dwellers met {apantasai} him”

From Antioch: “After this we preceded to Antioch and found preparation and the enthusiasm of the crowds to be so great that we were all amazed. For they met {apantasan} us outside the city gate, chief officials and satraps … They brought out all the sacred artifacts for the procession to the meeting {apantasin}. Some extended the right hand in greeting, while others expressed their approval with applause and shouting.”

Josephus, Paul’s contemporary, describes the reception of Vespasian by the people of Rome as their new emperor.

“Amidst such feelings of universal goodwill, those of higher rank, impatient of awaiting him, hastened to a great distance from Rome to be the first to meet {apanton} him. Nor, indeed, could any of the rest endure the delay of meeting, but al poured fourth in such crowds—for to all it seems simpler and easier to go than to remain—that the very city then for the first time experienced with satisfaction a paucity of inhabitants; for those who went outnumbered those who remained. But when he was reported to be approaching and those who had gone ahead were telling of the affability of his reception of each party, the whole population … were by now at the road sides to receive him; each group as he passed in their delight at the spectacle and moved by the blandness of appearance gave vent to all manner of cries, hailing him as benefactor, savior, and only worthy emperor of Rome. The whole city, moreover, was filled, like a temple with garlands and incense. Having reached the palace, though with difficulty, owing to the multitude that thronged around him, he offered sacrifices of thanksgiving for his arrival to the household gods.” (Jewish War 7.68-72)

Josephus again describes Titus’ reception by the people of Antioch

“The people of Antioch, on hearing that Titus was at hand, through joy could not bear to remain within their walls, but hastened to meet him {espeudon d’ epi tan ‘hupantasin} and advanced to a distance of over thirty furlongs, not only men, but a crowd of women and children also, streaming out from the city. And when they beheld him approaching, they lined the road on either side and greeted him with extended arms, and invoking all manner of blessings upon him returned with him in his train” (Jewish Wars 7.100-102)

So ingrained was this Greek term for formally greeting and welcoming a coming king or dignitary that it came over into Latin untranslated. This is clearly seen from the Latin writer Cicero. I cite from F. F. Bruce’s commentary on Thessalonians

“When a dignitary paid an official visit (parousia) to a city in Hellenistic times, the action of the leading citizens in going out to meet him and escort him back on the final stage of his journey was called apantasis. So Cicero, describing Julius Caesar’s progress through Italy in 49 BC says, ‘Just imagine what apantasis he is receiving from the towns, what honors are paid to him” … and five year later he says the same about Caesar’s adopted son Octavian: ‘The municipalities are showing the boy remarkable favor …Wonderful apantasis and encouragement”

Abraham Malherbe notes that apantesis was so well known as a technical term for formally going out to welcome a dignitary that not only was it taken directly over into Latin but also by the Jewish rabbis.

From the above quotations, which could be multiplied greatly, it is abundantly clear what apantasin meant to people in the Greco-Roman world. It was because of that meaning Paul deliberately chose it for Jesus. The true King is coming … not from Rome but from Heaven … to settle the score and right the wrongs (i.e. particularly the wrongful deaths at the hands of the faux king Caesar!). The king is coming in glory and the people rush out to meet him as he makes the final leg of his journey to the city (i.e. earth!).

In 4.17 Paul draws on the traditions of Hellenistic formal receptions of kings, conquering generals and the like. Where a town or city goes out to greet and escort escorting the monarch into his destination. In our day it would be like when President Obama flew into Tucson with every politician in the state, city and county along with thousands of others going out to "meet" him and escort him into the city. When Paul used apantasin it had as distinct meaning to the Thessalonians as when we use the word "inauguration!"

Paul did not mean the people leave or abandon their town or city and no Thessalonian would have dreamed he meant that by that term. Christians are not said to either "fly away" or be "raptured" in this text. The term means the believers would go to greet King Jesus, join his entourage and escort him into the city. That this was so understood by the folks in the first century is clear from the remaining uses of the term apantasin in biblical Greek. There are only two other examples in the New Testament but I will include the other from Tobit.

Though Tobit is not in the Protestant canon, it is “biblical” Greek in that it is part of the LXX and exists in koine Greek just as the New Testament. In Tobit we read that after a long difficult journey, Tobias is returning to his father (Tobit) with his new bride Sarah along with the angel incognito Raphael. Because Tobias was blinded earlier in the story, Raphael and Tobias run ahead of Sarah to restore his sight. Tobias gives the good news to his father about his bride Sarah. Tobit “rejoicing and praising God, went out to apantasin his daughter in law at the gate of Nineveh” (Tobit 11.6). Did Tobit intend to just say hi? Would Tobit take his Sarah somewhere else!? or would Tobit escort Sarah back? What Tobit did was escort his new daughter back to his home, her destination.

In Matthew 25 we read of the Parable of the Bridesmaids. Jesus says “Ten bridesmaids took their lamps and went to apantasin the bridegroom” (25.1, the groom being the dignitary symbolic of Jesus himself!). Why do the bridesmaids go meet the groom? What will they do? They will escort the groom back to the place they were originally waiting alertly for.

In Acts 28 the believers in Rome hear Paul is coming. Recall what Josephus says the city did for Vespasian. Paul himself is now the dignitary, “The believers there, when they heard of us, came as far as the Forum of Appius and Three Taverns to apantasin us. On seeing them, Paul thanked God and took courage” (28.15).

Did the believers stay at the Forum or the Three Taverns? Surely they accompanied Paul and his entourage back to Rome.

Conclusion(s)

First Thessalonians, and its shorter sister, is a marvelous window into the conflict between the Empire of Caesar and the Empire of God, between King Augustus/Claudius and King Jesus. Paul has tapped into the rhetoric of the imperial gospel to make a counter revolutionary "contrary to the decrees of the emperor" proclamation of "another king named Jesus." In assuring the suffering Thessalonians, Paul further taps into the traditions of both Greece and Rome about the visitation of the King, declaring the true King is coming so we should not loose heart (as we learn in 2 Thessalonians this is GOOD news for the sufferers and bad news for the persecutors). The band of believers look to Heaven for the King to come and rescue them. He does just that as they go out to meet him, joining in his entourage as he returns to his destination. Earth!

Read More